فصلنامه روان شناسی و دین
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 47، پاییز 1398)

Stubbornness is a group of peculiarities which is defined as confronting stressful events, and is influenced by individual variables such as personality, motivation, and social variables, such as family’s background. Current research is conducted among students, aiming at explaining psychological stubbornness based on trust in God through the mediation of cognitive guidelines of excitement control. For this, a sample of 381 students from Yasuj University was selected using multistage cluster random sampling method, and they have answered to scales such as Ahwaz hardiness scale, cognitive guidelines of excitement control, and the scale of trust in God. In order to analyze the data, path analysis method was taken into account. Results denoted that psychological stubbornness is influenced by trust in God and cognitive guidelines of excitement control; i.e. the components of trust in God had their direct and indirect effect on stubbornness through excitement control guidelines. According to the results, it is recommended to provide a basis for students, so that they reach higher levels of trust in God, and consultants also should bring most of their attention to the subject.

This research is conducted aiming the goal of building the primary questionnaire of bravery on the basis of Islamic resources, employing a descriptive-content analysis method. Therefore, ―bravery‖ and related concepts, in authentic Islamic resources, were recognized, classified, and conceptually analyzed. Five concepts—bravery, valour, intercession in hard times, boldness, and assurance–were recognized for this research, respectively, and after studying them, five components named motivation for resistance, being great-hearted, arriving and acting in the adversity, defending and resistance, were selected. For data analysis, statistical indices and methods have been used in accordance with the research questions including content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), Pearson, Spearman, Guttmann correlation, and Cronbach's alpha. In the progress of reviewing the experts’ opinions, for content validity, items with CVR and CVI values higher than 0.56 and 0.79 respectively, were confirmed; and for this, 12 experts in Islamic Sciences and Psychology have given their viewpoints. Criterion validity, by calculating the correlation coefficient of the present scale and the equal scale, is 0.661 and is significant at the level 0.01. In validating the questionnaire, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient in two experimental and final stages, was 0.902 and 0.858 respectively, and the correlation between two halves of scale is 0.602. Therefore, using Islamic resources, it is possible to create a method for measuring the subject of bravery and this method has desirable reliability and validity for research uses.

The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of positive thinking education based on religious teachings on marital adjustment, resilience and the quality of the couples’ life. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with control group and follow-up. The statistical population of the study was 240 people (120 couples), whose children were studying at school in 1396-97 Hijri (2017-18), and they were selected based on available sampling, and then randomly assigned to the experimental group (20 couples) and the control group (20 couples). The experimental group were trained for 10 sessions of 90 minutes of positive thinking based on religious teachings. Marital adjustment, resiliency and quality of life questionnaires were used for data collection; and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis (ANCOVA). The obtained results showed that positive education based on religious teachings had an impact on marital adjustment, resilience and improving the quality of marital life, and this impact lasted until the one-month follow-up stage.

The purpose of this study was to provide a structural equation model for teenagers’ religiosity, based on the interpersonal relationships within the family. For this, 722 high school students (49 percent of girls and 51 percent of boys) were selected from Tehran using multi-stage random cluster sampling method, and they responded to the teenagers’ religiosity scale, attachment styles’ list (AAI), the scale of the perception of parents’ parenting styles (POPS), and researcher-made questionnaires about religiosity enhancement and following parents’ piety. The research method is included in descriptive-correlational schemes, with a structural equation model. The findings denote that the direct influences of secure attachment, anxious / avoidance, and anxious / ambivalent styles, and also religiosity enhancement, are significant on teenagers’ religiosity. Moreover, the indirect influences of secure attachment and anxious/avoidance styles, religiosity enhancement, parents’ participation and supporting autonomy, is significant on teenagers’ religiosity through mediation and following the parents. As a result, someone may conclude that, directly and indirectly, how parents interact with their children will bring an evolution to teenagers’ religiosity enhancement, and plays a dynamic considerable role in formation and growth of their religious beliefs, affairs, and behaviors.

Current research examines the differences of life satisfaction, hope and academic performance of both students who are and who are not in a relationship with the opposite sex. The sample size is 316 high school students in Robat Karim city, who were selected using random cluster sampling. The research is a correlational study, and the research means are a 13-item questionnaire on opposite sex, a 5-question life satisfaction questionnaire, and a 12-question Schneider Hope Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The findings suggest that boys are more likely to engage in sex than girls. Also, relationship with the opposite sex is correlated with decreased life satisfaction and hope. Another finding is that there is a significant difference between the academic performance of students who are and who are not in a relationship with the opposite sex. Therefore, self-control has been emphasized.

This research was conducted aiming to study the role of parental bonding and self-esteem in predicting teenagers’ religious identity styles. The research design is descriptive and correlational. For this, 338 high school students in Qom, during the educational year of 1395-96 Hijri (2016-17), were chosen by cluster random sampling, and have answered to the parental bonding instrument questionnaire (PBI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Kraskian Religious Identity Questionnaire (ARIQ). Correlation test and stepwise regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that between self-esteem and the two components of reactivity and emotional evasion of parental bonding, and successful religious identity and stereotyped religious identity, there is a significant positive relationship; while between prohibited religious identity, disturbed religious identity, and serotinous religious identity, there is a significant negative relationship. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem, emotional reactivity, and my status will predict the successful religious identity very well. The components of emotional evasion, my status and self-esteem, are also the most important predictors of the prohibited religious identity style. Moreover, self-esteem and emotional invasion, negatively and meaningfully, explain the serotinous religious identity style. These findings highlight the important role of parent-child bonding as well as the personality traits of self-esteem in shaping teenagers’ religious identity style.

The purpose of this research is to study the mediating role of religious orientation in the relationship between need for recognition and resiliency with a casual model. For this purpose, 320 university students from Fars Teachers University, using multistage cluster random sampling, were selected. Data were collected by two questionnaires of need for recognition, religious orientation and adults’ resiliency scale, and then analyzed using the path analysis method. Results showed that the need for recognition is a positive significant predictor of resiliency (P<0.0001), and has a negative significant relationship with the outer religious orientation (P<0.0001), and a positive significant relationship with the internal religious orientation (P<0.0001). The outer religious orientation has predicted the resiliency dimension of family cohesion as negative and meaningful (P<0.0001), while the internal religious orientation had a significant positive prediction of the dimensions of resiliency (P<0.0001). Finally, the need for cognition had a significant relationship with resiliency (P<0.0001).